Министерство образования Российской Федерации

Алтайского государственного технического университета

Бийский технологический институт

Л. Г. Коновалова, А.А. Кудрявцева

Chemistry
Методические указания для развития

навыков чтения на английском языке

для студентов всех форм обучения

Барнаул 2000

УДК- 81.432.1- 923.7
Коновалова Л.Г., Кудрявцева А.А. Chemistry: Методические указания для развития навыков чтения на английском языке для студентов всех форм обучения.

Алт. гос. техн. ун-т, БТИ.- Бийск:

Изд-во Алт. гос. тех. ун-та, 2000 г. – 33 с.

Методические указания предназначены для студентов всех форм обучения. Они могут быть использованы для обучения различным видам чтения и направлены на формирование у студентов умений работать с литературой по специальности "Химия" на иностранном языке.

Структура каждого урока представлена предтекстовыми упражнениями, текстами и послетекстовыми упражнениями. Все тексты заимствованы из оригинальной американской литературы по химии и подвергались в учебных целях адаптации.

Методические указания построены на принципе взаимосвязанного обучения видам речевой деятельности на профессионально ориентированном материале.

Рассмотрено и одобрено на заседании кафедры иностранных языков БТИ.

Протокол №5 от 12.03.99

Рецензент: доцент Кокая Л.А. (БиГПИ)

 Коновалова Л.Г., Кудрявцева А.А., 2000

БТИ АлтГТУ, 2000

UNIT I: INTRODUCTION

Прочтите следующие слова:

fibre [ ]

artificial 

constituent 

urea 

succeed 

dye 

explosive 

abundance 

1.2 Найдите в тексте слова, имеющие общий корень с данными словами и переведите их:

synthesis, explode, art, preparation, natural.

1.3 Прочтите и переведите следующие слова, не пользуясь

словарём:

synthesize 

modern 

organic 

inorganic 

hydrogen 

oxygen 

nitrogen 

sulphur 

phosphorus 

halogen 

1.4 Прочтите и переведите текст:

INTRODUCTION
Chemistry is the science of substances - their structure, their properties and their reactions that change them into other substances.

The early chemists studied two types of matters -inorganic and organic. But nature provides us with matters that cannot satisfy the modern science and technology now. Man is turning more and more to the help of chemistry. Organic chemistry synthesizes plastics, synthetic fibres and other artificial materials. It is the chemistry of modern times.

Inorganic chemistry was studied long ago and is very old.

Organic chemistry deals with substances containing carbon. The number of the known carbon compounds (organic compounds) exceeds three million, whereas inorganic substances number only about 50 thousand. Apart from the carbon organic substances often contain hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen; less frequent constituents are sulphur, phosphorus, the halogens and certain metals.

In 1828 the German chemist F.Wöhler succeeded in preparing an organic substance (urea) from inorganic for the first time. In 1854 the French chemist M. Berthelot prepared fats artificially. In 1861 the Russian scientist A.M. Butlerov carried out the first synthesis of a saccharoid substance.

Syntheses of substances which only living organism formerly produced began to follow one another in rapid succession.

Today chemists have not only synthesized many of the organic substances occuring in nature, but have prepared substances which do not occur in nature, such as plastics, various types of rubber, dyes, explosives and medicines. Chemists have already prepared proteins artificially.

1.4.1 Найдите в тексте и переведите предложения, в которых говорится о:

а). Составе органических веществ.

б). Искусственном синтезе органических веществ в XIX веке.

1.4.2 Составьте предложения из следующих слов:

а). In, substances, today, have, which, not, nature, chemists, do, pre-pared, occur.

б). The, and, two, organic, early, of, inorganic, studied, types, che-mists, matter.

1.4.3 Выразите согласие или несогласие со следующими утвер-ждениями, используя данные выражения:

you’re mistaken;

that’s right;

I’m sorry, but.

а). Chemistry is the science of structure of substances and their pro-perties and reactions.

б). Matters provided by nature can fully satisfy the modern science.

в). Inorganic chemistry is a young science.

г). It’s not possible to prepare fats artificially.

д). Chemists have prepared substances which do not occur in nature.

1.4.4 Ответьте на вопросы:

1. What kind of science is chemistry?

2. Why is man turning more and more to the help of chemistry?

3. Is organic chemistry an old science or is it the chemistry of modern time?

4. What does organic chemistry deal with?

5. What substances apart from the carbon do organic substances contain?

6. Is it possible to synthesize substances which do not occur in nature? What are they?

1.4.5 Перескажите текст, используя следующие слова:

to provide, to satisfy, turn to help of, exceed, to number, to succeed in, to occur, the science of substances, two types of matter, artificial materials.

Words and Word Combinations
substance  вещество

matter  вещество

to provide [ обеспечивать, снабжать

to satisfy  удовлетворять

to turn to the help  обращаться к помощи

fibre  волокно

artificial  искусственный

to contain  содержать

carbon  углерод

compound  соединение

to exceed  превышать

whereas  тогда как

to number  насчитывать

apart from  кроме

hydrogen  водород

oxygen  кислород

nitrogen  азот

constituent  составляющая часть, компонент

sulphur  сера

phosphorus  фосфор

halogens  галоген

urea  мочевина

to succeed  удаваться

fat  жир

formerly  прежде, раньше

to occur  k встречаться

rubber  каучук

dye  краситель

explosive  взрывчатое вещество

protein  белок

UNIT II: Birth of chemistry
2.1 Прочтите следующие слова:
accidental 

value 

ancient 

sought 

seek 

elixir 

aged 

search 

guide 

to learn the truth 

the wonders of nature 
2.2 Найдите в тексте слова, имеющие общий корень с данными словами и переведите их:
natural, accident, discover, valuable, history, happy, guidance, deve-lop, base, production, importance.

2.3 Найдите в тексте предложения со словом «USE» и определите, где оно переводится как «использовать», а где «использование».

2.4 Прочтите и переведите текст.
BIRTH OF CHEMISTRY
From the earliest times men have observed striking changes that take place in nature and have made accidental discoveries of great value. Many of substances used today, which are prepared by chemical methods, were known to the ancients, but there are no historical records of their discovery. Glass, for example, has been known for over 3,000 years. Soap was also made in the early times.

Directed experimentation appeared with the use of alchemy. The alchemists sought things which were supposed to lead to happiness, health and riches. They wanted to change the common metals into gold and to find the elixir of life which could bring youth to the aged.

Many important discoveries were made as a result of this search. They used distillation, extraction, calcination, coagulation, etc. They prepared and studied many of the compounds which are used in chemical work. But selfish motive that guided the alchemists could not lead to the development of science.

Chemistry was born as a science only when man’s desire to learn the truth about the wonders of nature appeared.

We know three long periods in the history of human progress, named after the basic material used - the Stone, Bronze and the Iron Age. Now we live in the age of chemistry, which produces synthetic materials.

Due to the great discoveries of the past few decades we are able to go over to a new age - the age of synthetic polymers. Synthetic materials will play a still more important part in future.

Запомните слова:
desire, truth, wonders of nature, selfish, to observe, to seek (sought), to lead, to guide, to learn.

2.4.1 Выберите правильный ответ к вопросу:

When was chemistry born as science?
а). Chemistry is a science of substances - of their structure, properties and reactions that change them into other substances.

б). It began to develop as a science when man became interested in the truth about the wonders of nature.

в). Organic chemistry is the chemistry of modern times.

2.4.2 Составьте предложения из следующих слов:

а) of, many, used, knew, today, ancients, the substances, the;

б) future, will, an, synthetic, important, materials, play, part, in;

в) have, the, changes, nature, in, observed, earliest, taking place, from, men, times, interesting.

2.4.3 Составьте план и перескажите текст.

Words and Word Combinations
to observe  наблюдать

striking  удивительный

accidental  случайный

value  ценность, значение

the ancients  древние

soap  мыло

seek (sought) -  искать

to lead to  приводить к

health  здоровье, благополучие

riches  богатство

common  обычный

aged  пожилой, старый

search  поиск

calcination  прокаливание,

кальцинирование

selfish  эгоистичный

to guide  руководить

desire  желание

to learn the truth  узнавать правду

wonders of natureчудеса природы

age  век

to go over  приходить к

UNIT III: THE SCIENCE OF CHEMISTRY
3.1 Прочтите слова:
structure 

convert 

biology 

salt 

iron []

sugar 

oxygen 

ore 

associate 

identification []

quantitative measurement 

nuclear 

nuclei 

3.2 Просмотрите текст и скажите, сколько отраслей химии в нем упомянуто. Назовите их.

Пояснение к тексту:

1) is linked - связана;

2) is concerned with - связана с
THE SCIENCE OF CHEMISTRY
Chemistry deals with the properties, composition and structure of materials, with the changes by which these materials are converted into other materials. On the one hand chemistry is linked¹ with biology and on the other with physics. Chemistry studies different forms of matter, such as water, salt, iron, sugar, oxygen, etc.

Now there are more than 30 different branches of chemistry. Some

of them are: inorganic chemistry, organic chemistry, physical che-

mistry, analytical chemistry, nuclear chemistry, colloidal chemistry and electrochemistry.

Inorganic chemistry deals with substances obtained from metals and ores.

Organic chemistry deals with substances which are composed in part of carbon and are associated with living bodies, plants and animals.

Physical chemistry is linked with¹ those parts of chemistry which are closely linked with physics.

Analytical chemistry is concerned with the identification, separation and quantitative measurement of the composition of different substances.

Nuclear chemistry deals with the transformations of atomic nuclei and with the reactions which take place between them.

Colloidal chemistry is concerned with² special properties of substances in a dispersed condition.

Electrochemistry is concerned with the relation between electrical energy and chemical change.
Запомните слова:

to deal with, to convert, to associate, composition, property, sepa-ration, in part, closely.

3. 
   Выберите подходящие определения из правого столбика:
   

1. Органическая химия 2. Аналитическая химия 3. Коллоидная химия

deals with

1 the relation between electrical energy and chemical change; 2 special properties of substances in a dispersed condition; 3 the identification, separation and quan-titative measurement of the composition of different substances; 4 substances obtained from metals and ores; 5 substances containing carbon and are associated with living bodies, plants and animals.

3.4 Ответом на какой вопрос служит предложение:

Chemistry studies different forms of matter, such as water, salt, iron, sugar, oxygen, etc.
1. Why is chemistry so important in our life?

2. What are the products of chemical industry?

3. What does chemistry deal with?

Words and Word Combinations.
property  свойство

to deal with  иметь дело с

composition  состав

to convert  превращать,

преобразовывать

ore  руда

in part  частично

to be associated   связываться,

соединяться

closely  тесно, близко

identification  распознавание

quantitative measurement количественный

анализ

transformation  преобразование

dispersed condition  дисперсное

состояние

UNIT IV: OUR AGE - AGE OF POLYMERS
4.1 Прочтите слова:
substitute 

ivory 

celluloid 

requirement 

influence 

desired []

cheap 

4.2 Найдите в тексте слова, имеющие общий корень с данными словами и переведите их:

invert, improvement, modify, development, nature.
4.3 Найдите в тексте предложения с данными словами и пере-ведите их:
substitute, attempt, influence, offer, need.
4.4 Найдите в тексте ответ на вопрос:
What is one of the main tasks of science now?
OUR AGE - AGE OF POLYMERS
«Necessity is the mother of invention»

(English proverb)

About a hundred years ago an American newspaper offered a prize to anyone who will find a substitute for ivory. The attempt to make billiard balls cheaper led to the invention of celluloid, the first plastic.

Owing to classical works of outstanding scientists Mendeleev, Butlerov, Lebedev and others many plastics, synthetic fibres, fur, leather etc. are turned out to meet the present day requirements.

Much is being made now to improve the properties of polymers. We need the polymers which can withstand high temperatures, physical and chemical influence.

Our scientists are working on the modification of known polymers in order to develop in them the desired properties.

One of the new tasks of science is to find simple methods of obtaining polymers from cheap raw materials and from the by-products of oil refining, natural gas, coal etc.

At present more than 3,000000 organic compounds are already known and a hundred new ones are added every day.

Запомните слова:

substitute, attempt, influence, by-product, to turn out, to meet require-ments, to add, to withstand, desired properties, cheap.

Скажите, соответствуют ли данные предложения содержанию текста:

1. About a hundred years ago nothing was known about plastics.

2. Our scientists are working on the modification of known polymers.

3. At present a hundred new organic compounds are added every day.

4. Many changes have been made in the industrial world by the work of chemists.
4.4.1 Выразите согласие или несогласие со следующими высказываниями, используя выражения: yes , you are right; oh, no; you are wrong; you’re mistaken; why; I’m sorry, but.
1. Celluloid was the first plastic to replace ivory.

2. It is impossible to produce synthetic fur and leather.

3. Our industry doesn’t need the polymers which can withstand high temperatures.

4. It is thanks to outstanding Russian scientists Mendeleev and Butlerov that the production of synthetic fibre became a reality.

4.4.2 Прочтите и перескажите текст:
Plastics or synthetic resins are the product of modern chemistry. Plastics are man-made materials. When moulded under heat and pressure they change their shape and chemical properties.

Plastics fall into 2 main classifications: thermoplastic plastics and thermosetting plastics. The former soften when heated and can be moulded again and again, the latter greatly change while mouldering and cannot be returned to their original forms.

Synthetic plastics are cheap and reliable. Polymers find wide application in many branches of industry.
Words and Word Combinations
necessity  необходимость, нужда

invention  изобретение

to offer  предлагать

a substitute  заменитель

ivory  слоновая кость

attempt  попытка

billiard ball  бильярдный шар

cheap  дешевый

to lead to  приводить к

fur  мех

leather  кожа

to turn out  производить

to meet the requirements удовлетворять потребности

to improve  улучшить

to withstand  противостоять, выдерживать

influence  влияние

raw material  сырьё

by-product  побочный продукт

to add  добавлять

UNIT V: SPECIALITY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY
5.1 Прочтите слова:
speciality 

moreover 

technological 

bureau 

higher-molecular combinations 

graduate from 

chemistry 

physical colloidal 

5.2 Прочтите однокоренные слова, обратите внимание на ударение:

chemistry 	-	chemical 	-	chemist 
technology 	-	technological 	-	technologist 
speciality 	-	special 	-	specialist 
economy 	-	economic 	-	economist 
industry 	-	industrial 

5.3 Прочтите и переведите следующие слова, не пользуясь словарём:

industry 

organization 

foundation 

technology 

product 

control [k]

process 

5.4 Прочтите и переведите текст:

SPECIALITY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY
I study at Biysk Technological Institute. My speciality is chemical technology. I have chosen it because I am fond of chemistry. Moreover, chemistry is one of the leading branches of the economy. My future speciality deals with chemical technological processes. There are various aspects of this speciality.

Specialists of chemical technology may be engaged in treating raw materials into chemical products, controlling the quality of chemical products, processing the technological documentation. Specialists of chemical technology may work at shop bureaus, technological departments, work as chemists-analyticians at shop laboratories, central laboratories, as foremen, technologists in the shop and so on. The graduates may work at the research institutes carring out research work, tests in the laboratories or shops.

Thus our knowledge will find a wide application in every field of chemical industry. In order to be good specialists we study a lot of subjects. The senior students study special subjects of chemical technology: higher-molecular combinations, physical-colloidal chemistry, foundation of chemical technology, economy of organization of chemical industry.

Much attention is paid to the practical work and industrial training at various plants.

Запомните слова:

research, speciality, shop, to be concerned with, to deal with, to be engaged in, to pay attention to, to be fond of, to treat.

5.4.1 Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты:
1) найдет широкое применение

2) в качестве мастера

3) качество химических продуктов

4) в цехах

5) большое внимание уделяется
5.4.2 Вставьте вместо точек подходящие слова из данных ниже:
1. Thus our knowledge will find ... in every field of chemistry.

2. In order to be good specialist we study ... subjects.

3. There are various ... of this speciality.

4. The graduates may work at ... carrying out research work.

5. The senior students study ... subjects concerning with chemical technology.

(special, research institute, a lot of, aspects, a wide application)

5.4.3 Составьте предложения из данных слов:
1. At, trains, present, engineers, the, institute, specialists, in, many.

2. Chemical, is, speciality, technology, my.

3. Of, many, may, shops, chemical, work, specialists, at, technology.

4. Have, am, chosen, I, because, chemistry, fond, of, it, I.

5.4.4 Составьте предложения, используя таблицу:

SUBJECT	PREDICATE	OBJECT
1 these subjects 2 chemical tech- nology 3 our Institute 4 the graduates	1 trains 2 are carrying out 3 deals with 4 are concerned with	1 the solution of many scientific problems 2 chemical tech- nology 3 research work 4 chemists-analyticians

5.4.5 Задайте вопрос к следующим предложениям:

1. I study at Biysk Technological Institute (Do ...?)

2. My speciality is chemical technology (Is ... or ...?)

3. Specialists of chemical technology may be engaged in treating raw materials into chemical products (What ... in?)

4. Our knowledge will find a wide application in every field of chemical industry (Where …?)

5. Much attention is paid to the practical work (isn’t it ?)

6. The senior students study special subjects (Who … ?)

5.4.6 Ответьте на вопросы:
1. Where do you study?

2. Does the institute train engineers or teachers?

3. What is your future speciality?

4. There are various aspects of chemical technology, aren’t there?

5. Who studies special subjects?

6. Is much attention paid to the practical work and industrial training?

Words and Word Combinations.
at present  в данное время

to train  обучать, готовить

speciality  специальность

namely  а именно, то есть

to be fond of  увлекаться,любить что-либо

leading  ведущий

to deal with  иметь дело с

various  различный

to be engaged in заниматься чем-либо

treating  обработка

raw materials [r] сырьё

quality  качество

processing  обработка

graduate  выпускник

research  исследовательский

to carry out  выполнять, проводить

shop  цех

bureau  бюро, отдел

department  отдел

chemist-analytician  химик-аналитик

foreman  мастер

technologist [] технолог

knowledge  знание

wide  широкий

application  применение

in order to  для того, чтобы

a lot of  много

senior students  старшекурсники

to concern with  иметь отношение к

highly -molecular  высокомолекулярные

combinations соединения

physical-colloidal  физ. коллоидная химия

chemistry

foundation of  основы химической

chemical technology технологии

attention  внимание

UNIT VI: CHEMICAL LABORATORY
6.1 Прочтите следующие слова:
laboratory 

pungent 

condenser 

vapour 

liquid 

cleanliness 

watchfulness 

carefulness 

harmful 

odour 

6.2 Прочтите и переведите текст:
CHEMICAL LABORATORY
I am a second-year student of Biysk Technological Institute. At the Institute besides lectures and seminars we are to make a lot of experiments which take place in many kinds of laboratories. Our Institute has well-equipped laboratories at its disposal.

My future speciality is chemical technology, so I’d like to say a few words about our chemical laboratory. Our laboratory occupies several large rooms. It is furnished with many long tables or benches as they are usually called. On each of these benches there are shelves and racks. On the shelves there are many bottles, on each of which the name of chemical substance it contains is written. Some bottles contain solids, others - liquids.

Some of the liquids are colourless and odourless, while others possess different colours and have pungent odours. In the racks there are different glass tubes, test tubes, condensers, flasks of different shapes and sizes, glass rods, etc., that is things, without which no chemical experiments are possible.

On the wall one can see the Periodic Table of Elements. Every working place is fitted with a Bunsen burner to heat solutions.

Modern laboratories of inorganic as well as organic and analytical chemistry are provided with gas and running water.

As distilled water is used in almost every experiment, there is a very large bottle containing many litres of it on every table.

Every laboratory is to be provided with a ventilating hood for the escape of harmful and unpleasant vapours and odours.

Every laboratory has to be lit up very well. Everything in the laboratory is to have its definite place. Cleanliness, carefulness and watchfulness are the three main points which must be observed by every student.

Запомните следующие слова:

to lit up, to be equipped with, to have at one’s disposal, to be of sig-nificance, to be provided with, liquid, test-tube, bench, solid, liquid substan-ce, odour, flask, harmful.

6.2.1 Выберите из правого столбика синонимы к словам из левого столбика:

A	B
1 provide	1 pungent
2 harmful	2 a lot of
3 furnish	3 have
4 possess	4 various
5 different	5 bench
6 experiment	6 supply
7 laboratory table	7 watch
8 many kinds of	8 application
9 observe	9 test
10 usage	10 equip

6.2.2 Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты:

1) содержащие много литров;

2) должна соблюдаться;

3) снабжена лабораторными столами;

4) горелка Бунзена;

5) много экспериментов;

6) резкий запах;

7) иметь в распоряжении;

8) дистиллированная вода;

9) должна хорошо освещаться.

6.2.3 Найдите русские эквиваленты:

1 vapour	1 неприятный
2 to lit up	2 форма
3 liquid	3 размер
4 shape	4 пробирка
5 size	5 освещать
6 unpleasant	6 полка
7 test-tube	7 жидкость
8 shelf	8 запах
9 watchfulness	9 пар
10 odour	10 наблюдательность

6.2.4 Вставьте предлоги:

1. All the laboratories are provided … gas and running water.

2. The research is ... great significance.

3. Our Institute has well-equipped laboratories ... its disposal.

4. Our laboratory is well-equipped ... chemical substances.

( at, with, of )

6.2.5 Ответьте на вопросы:

1. What are you?

2. What’s your future speciality?

3. Are you to make a lot of experiments in the chemical laboratory?

4. A modern chemical laboratory is provided with gas and running water, isn’t it?

5. Are Bunsen burners used to heat solutions or to cool them?

6. What points must students observe in the chemical laboratory?
Words and Word Combinations
besides  кроме того, сверх того

bench  лабораторный стол

a few  несколько

a drawer  выдвижной ящик

to keep  держать, сохранять

apparatus  аппарат, прибор, инструмент

container  сосуд, резервуар

chemicals  химикалии

solid [ slid] твёрдое тело

liquid  жидкость

test-tube  пробирка

flask  колба, склянка

shape  форма

size  размер

condenser  конденсатор

Bunsen burner  горелка Бунзена

flame  пламя

to provide  снабжать, обеспечивать

harmful  вредный

unpleasant  неприятный

vapour  пар, испарение

odour  запах

to lit up  освещать

definite  определённый

cleanliness  чистота

watchfulness  внимательность, аккуратность

carefulness  осторожность

point  пункт, момент

to observe  соблюдать
UNIT VII: OXYGEN
7.1 Прочтите слова:
oxygen 

abundant 

occur 

property 

colourless 

odourless 

approximately 

mixture 

7.2 Прочтите и переведите следующие интернациональные слова:
temperature 

tendency 

crystal 

inert 

activity 

combination 

condensation 

total 

form 

OXYGEN
Oxygen is the most abundant element on our planet. In nature, it may occur in free state or it may occur combined with other elements. Because of its chemical properties, it has been called the most important of all elements to man. It is a supporter of life and form oxides with both metals and non-metals.

Oxygen is a colourless, odourless, tasteless gas. It is slightly heavier than air and is slightly soluble in water.

The outstanding chemical property of oxygen is its activity, that is, its tendency to combine with other substances. It combines with all the elements except inert gases. Oxygen, silicon, aluminum and hydrogen together constitute approximately 80% of the Earth’s crust, sea and atmosphere.

Oxygen combines with metals to form oxides.

Найдите в тексте ответы на следующие вопросы:
1. What is the most abundant element on our planet?

2. Does oxygen occur in combined or free state in nature?

3. Why is oxygen the most important element to man?

4. What are the physical properties of oxygen?

5. What is the most outstanding chemical property of oxygen?
7.3 Переведите предложения:
1. Oxygen boils at the temperature of -192,98°C.

2. Oxygen forms oxides with both metals and non-metals.

3. Oxygen may be compressed and cooled.

4. Oxygen has tendency to combine with all the elements except the inert gases.

5. Liquid oxygen is slightly magnetic.
7.4 Составьте предложения из данных слов:
а) in, may, a free, in, oxygen, nature, occur, state.

б) with, except, combines, all, the, gases, elements, oxygen, inert.

Words and Word Combinations
abundant  распространённый

approximately  приблизительно

colour  цвет

except  кроме, помимо

odour  запах

outstanding [] выдающийся

support  поддерживать

vapour  пар

UNIT VIII: POLLUTION
8.1 Прочтите следующие слова:
pollution 

mobility 

powerful 

airliner 

expensive 

countryside 

traffic 

serious 

jet 

environment 

8.2 Переведите текст.
POLLUTION
The British like many other Europeans worry about their environment. Here are some of the environmental problems that they face.

As the population of large cities like London, Birmingham and Manchester continues to grow, pollution becomes worse.

Traffic and industry pollute many towns and cities. There is a large number of cars and lorries in towns and cities. On the one hand, they bring mobility to millions of people, but on the other hand, they need bigger, better and more expensive roads, which often ruin countryside. Traffic is getting worse and worse. Water pollution is a serious problem in many British rivers. People living near airports suffer from the noise of increasingly larger and larger and more powerful jet airliners taking off and landing.

8.3 Запомните следующие слова:

expensive  дорогой

population  население

environment  окружающая среда

traffic  уличное движение

face  сталкиваться с

suffer  страдать

noise  шум

take off  взлетать

land  земля
8.4 Переведите следующие производные слова:
power - powerful, powerfully

to grow - growing

to land - landing

to environ - environment

8.5 Найдите глаголы, соответствующие следующим словам:

a) heating; b) building; c) environment; d) pollution;

e) development; f) movement; g) difference; h) calculation.

8.6 Найдите в списке слов:
a). Синонимы:

large, ruin, small, the same, big, destroy, forest, little, wood, continue, like, go on.

b). Антонимы:

often, expensive, worse, large, more, serious, seldom, cheap, less, better, small.

8.7 Дайте недостающие формы глаголов:
getting, suffer, taking, bring, worry, grew, face, living, continue.
8.8 Укажите, какие из этих утверждений соответствуют действительности:
1) Traffic and industry pollute many towns and cities.

2) The great amount of cars doesn’t need roads which ruin the countryside.

3) People living near airport enjoy the noise of powerful jet airliners.

4) Water pollution is a serious problem in many British rivers.

5) The more people live in large cities the worse pollution becomes.
8.9 Ответьте на вопросы:
1) Do British worry about the environment?

2) What problems do they face?

3) What is a serious problem in many British rivers?

4) What do people living near airports suffer from?

UNIT IX: ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION MUST BE GLOBAL
9.1 Прочтите следующие слова:
problem 

environment 

pollution 

resources 

climate 

eliminate []

advancement 

joint 

serious 

however 

throughout 

ocean 

oceanic 

propotion 

process 

balance 

confident 

increase 

air 

natural 

world 

knowledge 

mankind 

atmosphere 

global 

purify 

job 

safeguard 

soil 

growth 

9.2 Прочтите и переведите текст:
Environment protection must be global
The problem of pollution and ecology is one of the most important for mankind. Air and water pollution is now reaching tremendous propotions. The same is happening in the atmosphere, in oceans and seas. It is known that many cities throughout the world suffer from air pollution.

However, our scientific knowledge and technological advancement can eliminate it. The development of natural resources is possible on a global scale from a scientific and technical standpoint. At present scientists in industrially developed countries work out the interactions of all the atmospheric and oceanic global processes. They must plan the protection against pollution. It is necessary to develop an international program to study data on land, forest, atmospheric and oceanic resources. Increasing growth of population and the use of natural resources are main reasons in water balance and climate changing. Joint efforts of many scientists will lead to the solving of the environmental protection problem. Scientists are confident that planned actions of all countries can eliminate pollution and achieve successes in purifying air, water, soil and safeguarding natural resources.

Запомните слова:
achieve  достигать

increase  увеличивать

scale  масштаб

growth  рост

effort  усилие

level `  уровень

purify очищать

eliminate  исключить

solve  решить

advancement  успех, прогресс

harm  вред

pollution  загрязнение

scientist  ученый

9.4 Найдите в каждом ряду прилагательное в сравнительной степени:

1) teacher, taller, thermometer;

2) worker, weather, worse, writer;

3) bomber, brother, brighter, barometer;

4) darker, driver, denser, dancer;

5) bigger, best, builder, better;

6) earlier, easier, eater, engineer;

7) compressor, computer, colder, closer;

8) meter, mover, more, motor.

9.5 Переведите следующие предложения с союзами сравнения:
1. The bigger the cities are, the greater pollution is.

2. The more computers and robots are in industry, the quicker technological process is.

3. The more automobiles appear in the streets, the worse the air in the cities is.

4. The longer we live in polluted places the more dangerous it becomes for our health.

5. The harder we work at the pollution problem, the easier we’ll be able to solve it.
9.6 Найдите среди данных слов антонимы:
slowly, easy, different, quickly, the same, difficult, small, new, large, old.
9.7 Напишите следующие существительные в единственном числе:
countries, cities, successes, efforts, resources, dictionaries, theories.
9.8 Дайте недостающие формы глаголов:
knew, use, purify, brought, thought, spending, making.

UNIT X: Ecological problems in big cities
10.1 Переведите текст:
Ecological problems in big cities
There are over 150 supercities in the world with population from one to 15 million and more. Tokyo, New York, London, Mexico City, Rio de Janeiro and Moscow are just a few of the cities which have become supercities.

People in the supercities suffer from polluted environment, bad water, bad air and noise. A new term, urban climate, is used now for such cities. It means high temperature, oppressive atmosphere and intensive smog.

Some experts consider that it is practically impossible to protect the big cities from pollution. The World Health Organization (WHO) studied air pollution around the world for over eight years. It measured two things: the level of sulphur dioxide (SO₂) in the air and the level of smoke. Sulphur dioxide and smoke pollute water and have serious effect on forest, buildings and health of people.

In the WHO report it is known that the cities with the most considerable level of CO₂ in the air are Milan, Teheran, Prague, Santiago and San Paulo. However, some cities with clean air get worse in winter. Helsinki, for example, becomes one of the cities with the largest proportions of it in the air in winter. This must be connected with the heating of houses. One can also mention Glasgow and Warsaw which suffer in the same way.

Запомните слова:
suffer from [ ] страдать от

measure [ ] измерять

mean [ ] означать

serious [ ] серьёзный

connect [ ] соединять

heating [] нагревание, отопление, согревающий

mention [ ] упоминать

dioxide [] двуокись

urban [ ] городской

considerable [ ] значительный

10.2 Укажите, какие из этих утверждений соответствуют действительности:
1. Some cities with clean air get worse in winter.

2. Sulphur dioxide and smoke pollute forest and water.

3. People in supercities do not suffer from polluted environment.

4. The WHO studied air pollution for seven years.

5. A new term urban climate means high pressure, low temperature, clean air.
10.3 Найдите русские эквиваленты для следующих словосочетаний:
1) oppressive atmosphere;

2) the level of smog;

3) have serious effect on;

4) the most considerable level;

5) around the world;

6) to protect the big cities from.

6. 
   
   

4. 
   Найдите глаголы среди следующих слов:
   

pollution, landing, pollute, protect, increase, land, environment, powerful.

5. 
   Составьте предложения из данных слов:
   

1). Must, the, houses, be, heating, with, connected, this.

2). Bad, in, suffer, the, from, people, supercities, water.

3). Are, in, population, from, with, there, over to, 150, world supercities, 15, million, the.

5. 
   Ответьте на вопросы:
   

1. How many cities are there with population from one to 15 million?

2. What do people suffer in the supercities from?

3. What do sulphur dioxide and smoke have serious effect on?

СПИСОК ИСПОЛЬЗОВАННОЙ ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ
1. Орловская Н.В., Самсонова Л.С., Скубриева А.И. Учебник англий-ского языка для технических университетов и вузов.- М.: Изд-во МГТУ им.Н.Э.Баумана, 1998. - 310 с.

2. Андрианова Л.Н., Багрова Н.Ю., Ершова Э.В. Учебник английского языка для заочных технических вузов и факультетов.- М.: Высш.шк., 1972, 1980, 1988.

3. Серебренникова Э.И., Крупникова И.Е. Учебник для химико-техно-логических специальностей вузов.- М.: Высш. шк., 1987.

4. Людвигова Е.В., Баженова С.М., Павлова Э.С., Седов Д.Г. Учебник английского языка для вузов заочного обучения.- М.: Высш. школа, 1982. - 318 с.

СОДЕРЖАНИЕ
UNIT I: INTRODUCTION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

UNIT II: Birth of chemistry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6

UNIT III: THE SCIENCE OF CHEMISTRY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

UNIT IV: OUR AGE - AGE OF POLYMERS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

UNIT V: SPECIALITY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY. . . . . . . . . . . . 14

UNIT VI: CHEMICAL LABORATORY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

UNIT VII: OXYGEN. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

UNIT VIII: POLLUTION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

UNIT IX: ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION MUST BE GLOBAL. . . . . 26

UNIT X: Ecological problems in big cities. . . . . . . . . . . . 29

СПИСОК ИСПОЛЬЗОВАННОЙ ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

Коновалова Лидия Геннадьевна

Кудрявцева Алла Александровна

Chemistry.

Методические указания для развития навыков чтения

на английском языке для студентов всех форм

обучения.

Подписано в печать 20.03.2000

Формат 60х841/16

Усл. п. л. 2,06 Уч.-изд. л. 1,92

Печать – ризография,

множительно - копировальный

аппарат «RISO TR - 1510».

Тираж 100 экз. Заказ 2000-11

издательство Алтайского государственного

технического университета

656099, г. Барнаул, пр. Ленина, 46
Оригинал-макет подготовлен ВЦ БТИ АлтГТУ

Отпечатано на ВЦ БТИ АлтГТУ

659305 г. Бийск, ул. Трофимова, 29.